Prevalence and risk factors for abnormal glucose metabolism in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder outpatients with comorbid anxiety: A cross-sectional study from a large sample of the Chinese Han population

Both abnormal glucose metabolism and anxiety have been reported to be common in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, few studies have explored glucose disturbances in first-episode and drug-naive (FEDN) MDD patients with anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of glucose disturbance in FEND MDD patients comorbid with anxiety. 1718 FEDN MDD patients were included in this study. The positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) were used to measure psychotic, anxiety and depressive symptoms respectively. Sociodemographic and biochemical indicators were also collected. The prevalence of glucose disorders in MDD patients combined with anxiety was 15.7 %, significantly higher than in MDD patients without anxiety symptoms (7.1 %). Glucose disturbances were associated with HAMD score, HAMA score, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), anti-thyroglobulin (TGAb), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms. Further logistic regression showed that illness duration, TSH, TGAb, and TPOAb levels were correlates of glucose disturbances in MDD patients with anxiety. No causal relationship could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. Our findings suggest that TSH, TGAb and TPOAb may be promising biomarkers of glucose disturbances in MDD comorbid with anxiety, suggesting the importance of regular assessment of thyroid function parameters for abnormal glucose metabolism prevention.