The research progress on recycling and resource utilization of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules

The exponential growth in global photovoltaic installations has led to a continuous increase in photovoltaic (PV) waste. This review article focuses on the recycling of waste crystalline silicon PV modules. In terms of recycling management policies, it points out that China's management of waste PV modules started relatively late and lacks clear categorization. Despite the establishment of relevant standards and extended producer responsibility (EPR) systems, there is still a need for improvement in the recycling system. The review delves into recycling technologies such as pyrolysis, chemical treatment, and mechanical crushing for waste PV modules. It particularly emphasizes the high-pressure crushing recycling process, highlighting its effective dissociation and crushing based on environmental friendliness. Comparative environmental impact analysis shows that pyrolysis technology has the least environmental impact, followed by mechanical treatment, while chemical treatment, incineration, and landfilling have relatively larger environmental impacts. Therefore, the review advocates for pyrolysis treatment as the mainstream technology for the recycling of waste PV modules. Finally, the article discusses the challenges faced by PV module recycling in China and proposes recommendations for the formulation of reasonable subsidy policies and dynamic adjustment of standards. In conclusion, this review provides in-depth research and comprehensive analysis of the recycling and resource utilization of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, offering important references and guidance for future development.