IGF-1R mediates crosstalk between nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and osteoclasts and promotes tumor bone metastasis

Abstract Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses a significant health burden in specific Asian regions, with radiotherapy substantially improving early-stage survival. However, bone metastasis remains a formidable challenge. This study aims to unravel the complex role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in NPC bone metastasis, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets. Methods: We assessed IGF-1R expression in NPC cells and explored its correlation with bone metastasis. Experiments investigated the impact of osteoclast-secreted IGF-1 on the IGF-1R/AKT/S6 pathway in promoting NPC cell proliferation within the bone marrow. Additionally, the reciprocal influence of tumor-secreted Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption was examined. The effects of IGF-1 neutralizing antibody, IGF-1R specific inhibitor (NVP-AEW541) and mTORC inhibitor (rapamycin) on nasopharyngeal carcinoma bone metastasis were also explored in animal experiments. Results: Elevated IGF-1R expression in NPC cells correlated with an increased tendency for bone metastasis. IGF-1, secreted by osteoclasts, activated the IGF-1R/AKT/S6 pathway, promoting NPC cell proliferation in the bone marrow. Tumor-secreted GM-CSF further stimulated osteoclast differentiation, exacerbating bone resorption. The IGF-1 neutralizing antibody, NVP-AEW541 and rapamycin were respectively effective in slowing down the rate of bone metastasis and reducing bone destruction. Conclusion: The intricate interplay among IGF-1R, IGF-1, and GM-CSF highlights potential therapeutic targets for precise control of NPC bone metastasis, providing valuable insights for developing targeted interventions.