Exploring the Regulatory Interaction of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Cleft Palate Induced by Retinoic Acid

Objective: This study aimed to identify novel proteins involved in retinoic acid (RA)-induced embryonic cleft palate development. Method: The palate tissues of the control and RA-treated E14.5 were dissected and subjected to iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Results: Differential expression analysis identified 196 significantly upregulated and 149 downregulated considerably proteins in RA-induced palate tissues. Comprehensive Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed the significant involvement of cytoplasmic translation, ribosome biogenesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways in cleft palate pathogenesis triggered by RA. In particular, ribosome-related pathways were highly enriched, while glycolysis was disrupted. Protein-protein interaction analysis, facilitated by the STRING database, revealed a tightly interconnected network of differentially expressed proteins. Further analysis using the cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape identified ten hub proteins, including Eif4a1, Gapdh, Eno1, Imp3, Rps20, Rps27a, Eef2, Hsp90ab1, Rpl19, and Rps16, indicating their potential roles in RA-induced cleft palate development, and thus positioning them as potential biomarkers for cleft palate. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into the proteomic changes associated with RA-induced cleft palate and shed light on key pathways and proteins that can contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of this congenital condition. conclusion: Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into the proteomic changes associated with retinoic acid-induced cleft palate, shedding light on key pathways and hub proteins that may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of this congenital condition.