Self-standing Metal-Organic frameworks and their derivatives for electrochemical energy storage and Conversion: Current progress and perspectives

To advance the research progress of devices in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EESC), the exploration of the development of better-performance materials has become necessary. Because of its excellent surface area and abundant active sites, the metal–organic framework (MOF) is a reasonable choice for electrode materials or precursors. However, a major obstacle to the use of MOF-based/derived materials in EESCs is its fabrication. Self-standing electrode designs can realize high MOF loadings and more stable electrode structures, but the conventional self-standing electrode manufacturing method lacks structural adjustability. Therefore, 3D printing of self-standing MOF electrodes and precursors has attracted much attention. The conventional fabrication methods of self-standing MOF-based/derived electrodes are reviewed in this paper. The methods and challenges of 3D printing to fabricate MOF monoliths are also summarized. Finally, feasible development directions of 3D-printed self-standing MOF-based/derived electrodes will be discussed.