Safety Evaluation of Temperature-Dependent Aging Mechanisms of Li-Ion Batteries Using ARC Tests with Multiple Online Sensors

Compared to many other characteristics of Li-ion batteries, the safety behavior is a critical property and should be examined carefully. Especially manufacturers and most studies only focus on the safety of pristine cells. However, the safety behavior can drastically change dependent on the prior aging conditions such as ambient temperature. Especially low temperature aged cells with Li plating show a drastically decreased safety behavior [1]. Moreover, cells aged at higher temperatures with a distinct solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer on the anode show an increased onset of self-heating leading to improved safety [2]. Post-Mortem analysis of aged cells confirmed the two dominating aging mechanisms: Li plating and SEI growth for low and high temperature range, respectively. Heat-wait-seek (HWS) tests under quasi-adiabatic conditions in an accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) are a well-known method to evaluate the safety behavior of Li-ion batteries and can reveal critical temperatures such as the onset of self-heating. HWS tests on cells aged at different temperatures until different state-of-health (SOH) reveal the trend that a more pronounced aging increases or decreases the onset of self-heating depending on whether SEI growth or Li plating is the dominating aging mechanism. In addition to the temperature measurement, multiple sensors for voltage, resistance, strain, and ultrasonic transmission and reflection were placed on the pouch cell for a better understanding of the ongoing processes while the HWS tests. The benefit of these sensors is that they are cheap, allowing them to be widely implemented. Furthermore, an externally coupled mass spectrometer provides information about the gases produced and released after venting of the cell [3]. By Correlating different sensors signals, critical events on the way to the thermal runaway can be reliably identified or even predict in an early stage. Hence, the HWS tests on Li-ion batteries aged at different temperatures in combination with the multi sensor study provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of temperature dependent aging state on the safety behavior of Li-ion pouch cells. Acknowledgment We gratefully acknowledge the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for the financial support of the projects AnaLiBa (03XP0347C) and MiCha (03XP0317C) within the AQua cluster. References [1] T. Waldmann, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Electrochimica Acta 230 (2017) 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.036. [2] M. Börner, A. Friesen, M. Grützke, Y.P. Stenzel, G. Brunklaus, J. Haetge, S. Nowak, F.M. Schappacher, M. Winter, Journal of Power Sources 342 (2017) 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.041. [3] A.A. Abd‐El‐Latif, P. Sichler, M. Kasper, T. Waldmann, M. Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens, Batteries & Supercaps 4 (2021) 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202100023. Figure 1