Rice OsGATA16 is a positive regulator for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development

SUMMARY Chloroplasts are essential organelles in plants that contain chlorophylls and facilitate photosynthesis for growth and development. As photosynthetic efficiency significantly impacts crop productivity, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast development has been crucial in increasing grain and biomass production. This study demonstrates the involvement of OsGATA16 , an ortholog of Arabidopsis GATA, NITRATE INDUCIBLE, CARBON‐METABOLISM INVOLVED ( GNC ), and GNC‐LIKE/CYTOKININ‐RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 ( GNL/CGA1 ), in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice ( Oryza sativa ). The osgata16‐1 knockdown mutants produced pale‐green leaves, while OsGATA16 ‐overexpressed plants ( OsGATA16 ‐OE1) generated dark‐green leaves, compared to their parental japonica rice. Reverse transcription and quantitative PCR analysis revealed downregulation of genes related to chloroplast division, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis in the leaves of osgata16‐1 and upregulation in those of OsGATA16 ‐OE1. Additionally, in vivo binding assays showed that OsGATA16 directly binds to the promoter regions of OsHEMA , OsCHLH , OsPORA , OsPORB , and OsFtsZ , and upregulates their expression. These findings indicate that OsGATA16 serves as a positive regulator controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice.