Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Disease

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent condition both in the United States (USA) and worldwide, with symptoms that negatively impact the ability to work and function. The stepladder approach to evaluating DES includes eliciting a careful history to identify potential risk factors for disease, an external examination, and a careful slit-lamp examination looking for anatomical abnormalities. Furthermore, evaluation of the tear film is needed to determine whether there is aqueous and/or lipid deficiency. The treatment of DES involves a stepladder approach based on the areas of deficiency. Potential treatments include protecting the ocular surface, treating inflammation, and addressing lid disease, among other measures.