Epidemiology, Screening, and Clinical Staging

In this chapter, we discuss the epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma including its risk factors and current demographic composition. Additionally, changes over time in particular with the increasing use of CT scanning are discussed. Evidence for screening protocols for specific populations at risk, such as those with genetic syndromes, is analyzed. Finally, the literature that led to the development and continued refinement of the TNM and other staging systems is reviewed.