SECONDARY BATTERIES – LITHIUM RECHARGEABLE SYSTEMS | Electrolytes: Nonaqueous

Most lithium-ion cells available in the market utilize nonaqueous electrolyte solutions called organic electrolytes, where lithium salts are dissolved in organic solvents. The gelled electrolytes used in lithium-ion polymer batteries are also regarded as a liquid electrolyte immobilized with a high-molecular-weight polymer. After the role of nonaqueous electrolytes is described, the requirements for them are explained in terms of electrolytic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and operational temperature range. There are numerous organic solvents and lithium salts; however, a very limited number of materials fulfill the requirements for practical use. The molecular design and formulation of electrolyte components, organic solvents, lithium salts, and additives are given in detail with ample examples.