Detecting Sensitive Mobility Features for Parkinson's Disease Stages Via Machine Learning

ABSTRACT Background It is not clear how specific gait measures reflect disease severity across the disease spectrum in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective To identify the gait and mobility measures that are most sensitive and reflective of PD motor stages and determine the optimal sensor location in each disease stage. Methods Cross‐sectional wearable‐sensor records were collected in 332 patients with PD (Hoehn and Yahr scale I−III) and 100 age‐matched healthy controls. Sensors were adhered to the participant's lower back, bilateral ankles, and wrists. Study participants walked in a ~15‐meter corridor for 1 minute under two walking conditions: (1) preferred, usual walking speed and (2) walking while engaging in a cognitive task (dual‐task). A subgroup (n = 303, 67% PD) also performed the Timed Up and Go test. Multiple machine‐learning feature selection and classification algorithms were applied to discriminate between controls and PD and between the different PD severity stages. Results High discriminatory values were found between motor disease stages with mean sensitivity in the range 72%–83%, specificity 69%–80%, and area under the curve (AUC) 0.76–0.90. Measures from upper‐limb sensors best discriminated controls from early PD, turning measures obtained from the trunk sensor were prominent in mid‐stage PD, and stride timing and regularity were discriminative in more advanced stages. Conclusions Applying machine‐learning to multiple, wearable‐derived features reveals that different measures of gait and mobility are associated with and discriminate distinct stages of PD. These disparate feature sets can augment the objective monitoring of disease progression and may be useful for cohort selection and power analyses in clinical trials of PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society