Bioremediation of a trifluralin contaminated soil using bioaugmentation with novel isolated bacterial strains and cyclodextrin

Trifluralin (TFL) is a highly persistent with a strong adsorption capacity on soil particles herbicide. This study was to isolate microbial consortia and bacterial strains from a soil with a historical application of pesticides to evaluate their potential to degrade TFL in soil. Different bioremediation techniques were considered for increasing the effectiveness of TFL degradation in soil. These techniques consisted of: i) biostimulation, using a nutrients solution (NS); ii) bioaugmentation, using a natural microbial consortium (NMC), seven individual bacterial strains isolated from NMC, and an artificial bacterial consortium formed by the seven TFL-degrading bacterial strains (ABC); iii) bioavailability enhancement, using a biodegradable compound, a randomly methylated cyclodextrin, RAMEB. Biostimulation using NS leads up to 34 % of soil TFL biodegraded after 100 d. When the contaminated soil was inoculated with NMC or ABC consortia, TFL loss increased up to 62 % and 74 %, respectively, with DT50 values (required time for the pollutant concentration to decline to half of its initial value) of 5.9 and 11 d. In the case of soil inoculation with the isolated individual bacterial strains, the extent of TFL biodegradation ranged widely from 2.3 % to 55 %. The most efficient bacterial strain was Arthrobacter aurescens CTFL7 which had not been previously described in the literature as a TFL-degrading bacterium. Bioaugmentation with CTFL7 bacterium was also tested in the presence of RAMEB, provoking a drastic increase in herbicide biodegradation up to 88 %, achieving a DT50 of only 19 d. Cyclodextrins had never been tested before for enhancement of TFL biodegradation. An ecotoxicity assay was performed to confirm that the proposed bioremediation techniques were also capable to reduce toxicity. A Microtox® test showed that after application A. aurescens CTF7 and A. aurescens CTF7 + RAMEB, the TFL-contaminated soil, which initially presented acute toxicity, became non-toxic at the end of the biodegradation experiments.