Biomedical applications and prospects of temperature‐orchestrated photothermal therapy

Abstract Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been regarded as a promising strategy considering its advantages of high inherent specificity and a lower invasive burden. Since the photothermal killing of cells/bacteria showed different patterns of death depending on the varying temperature in PTT, the temperature change of PTT is vital to cell/tissue response in scientific research and clinical application. On one hand, mild PTT has received substantial attention in the treatment of cancer and soft/hard tissue repair. On the other hand, the high temperature induced by PTT is capable of antibacterial capacity, which is better than conventional antibiotic therapy with drug resistance. Herein, we summarize the recent developments in the application of temperature‐dependent photothermal biomaterials, mainly covering the temperature ranges of 40–42°C, 43–50°C, and over 50°C. We highlight the biological mechanism of PTT and the latest progress in the treatment of different diseases. Finally, we conclude by discussing the challenges and perspectives of biomaterials in addressing temperature‐orchestrated PTT. Given a deep understanding of the interaction between temperature and biology, rationally designed biomaterials with sophisticated photothermal responsiveness will benefit the outcomes of personalized PTT toward various diseases.