Insights into the Mechanism of Osteoporosis and the Available Treatment Options

Abstract: Osteoporosis, one of the most prevalent bone illnesses, majorly affects postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. Osteoporosis is associated with an increased susceptibility to fragility fractures and can result in persistent pain and significant impairment in affected individuals. The primary method for diagnosing osteoporosis involves the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) through the utilisation of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The integration of a fracture risk assessment algorithm with bone mineral density (BMD) has led to significant progress in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Given that osteoporosis is a chronic condition and multiple factors play an important role in maintaining bone mass, comprehending its underlying mechanism is crucial for developing more effective pharmaceutical interventions for the disease. The effective management of osteoporosis involves the utilisation of appropriate pharmacological agents in conjunction with suitable dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the types of osteoporosis and elucidates the currently available pharmacological treatment options and their related mechanism of action and usage.