Integrated Flexible Microscale Mechanical Sensors Based on Cascaded Free Spectral Range-Free Cavities

Photonic mechanical sensors offer several advantages over their electronic counterparts, including immunity to electromagnetic interference, increased sensitivity, and measurement accuracy. Exploring flexible mechanical sensors on deformable substrates provides new opportunities for strain-optical coupling operations. Nevertheless, existing flexible photonics strategies often require cumbersome signal collection and analysis with bulky setups, limiting their portability and affordability. To address these challenges, we propose a waveguide-integrated flexible mechanical sensor based on cascaded photonic crystal microcavities with inherent deformation and biaxial tensile state analysis. Leveraging the advanced multiplexing capability of the sensor, for the first time, we successfully demonstrate 2D shape reconstruction and quasi-distributed strain sensing with 110 μm spatial resolution. Our microscale mechanical sensor also exhibits exceptional sensitivity with a detected force level as low as 13.6 μN in real-time measurements. This sensing platform has potential applications in various fields, including biomedical sensing, surgical catheters, aircraft and spacecraft engineering, and robotic photonic skin development.