Dual-responsive renal injury cells targeting nanoparticles for vitamin E delivery to treat ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is an important inducer of acute kidney injury (AKI), and triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), exacerbating kidney damage. Given the immense potential of vitamin E (VitE) as a natural fat-soluble antioxidant in kidney protection, we designed the nanoparticles (NPs) that could dual respond to ROS and MMP2, aiming to accurately deliver VitE to renal injury cells. The NPs utilized Gel-SH as a sensitive receptor for MMP2 and diselenide as a sensitive receptor for ROS, while PEG