The Neuroanatomy, Etiopathogenesis, and Novel Therapeutic Targets in Depressive Disorders

Abstract: Depression has a high prevalence and associated comorbidities. It is still unknown what the molecular basis of depression is, regardless of many theories that have been put up to explain it. Many researchers investigate that present-day therapies for depression are ineffective due to their low efficacy, delayed onset of action (typically two weeks), and adverse effects. Novel medications that operate more quickly and effectively are thus needed. Several novel molecules (e.g., ketamine, buprenorphine) have been proven to produce quick and dependable antidepressant benefits in depressive patients who are resistant to treatment; yet, questions about their effectiveness, possible abuse, and adverse effects persist. The molecular basis and pharmacological interventions for depression were included in this study. Even if pharmaceutical treatments for depression have mostly failed to alleviate the condition, identifying and addressing possible risk factors in an effort to reduce the prevalence of this psychiatric disease is beneficial for public health. We emphasized the neuroanatomy and etiopathogenesis of depression, along with a discussion of the putative pharmacological mechanisms, novel targets, research hurdles, and prospective therapeutic futures.