Opioid analgesics for nociceptive cancer pain: A comprehensive review

医学 癌症疼痛 类阿片 麻醉 安慰剂 羟考酮 癌症 止痛药 慢性疼痛 内科学 物理疗法 病理 受体 替代医学
作者
Christina Abdel Shaheed,Chris Hayes,Christopher G. Maher,Jane C. Ballantyne,Martin Underwood,Andrew J. McLachlan,Jennifer Martin,Sujita W. Narayan,Mark Sidhom
出处
期刊:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians [Wiley]
卷期号:74 (3): 286-313 被引量:3
标识
DOI:10.3322/caac.21823
摘要

Abstract Pain is one of the most burdensome symptoms in people with cancer, and opioid analgesics are considered the mainstay of cancer pain management. For this review, the authors evaluated the efficacy and toxicities of opioid analgesics compared with placebo, other opioids, nonopioid analgesics, and nonpharmacologic treatments for background cancer pain (continuous and relatively constant pain present at rest), and breakthrough cancer pain (transient exacerbation of pain despite stable and adequately controlled background pain ). They found a paucity of placebo‐controlled trials for background cancer pain, although tapentadol or codeine may be more efficacious than placebo (moderate‐certainty to low‐certainty evidence). Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs including aspirin, piroxicam, diclofenac, ketorolac, and the antidepressant medicine imipramine, may be at least as efficacious as opioids for moderate‐to‐severe background cancer pain. For breakthrough cancer pain, oral transmucosal, buccal, sublingual, or intranasal fentanyl preparations were identified as more efficacious than placebo but were more commonly associated with toxicities, including constipation and nausea. Despite being recommended worldwide for the treatment of cancer pain, morphine was generally not superior to other opioids, nor did it have a more favorable toxicity profile. The interpretation of study results, however, was complicated by the heterogeneity in the study populations evaluated. Given the limited quality and quantity of research, there is a need to reappraise the clinical utility of opioids in people with cancer pain, particularly those who are not at the end of life, and to further explore the effects of opioids on immune system function and quality of life in these individuals.
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