Collagen‐Elastin‐Like Polypeptide‐Bioglass Scaffolds for Guided Bone Regeneration

Abstract The goals of this study are to evaluate the ability of the multicomponent collagen‐elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP)‐Bioglass scaffolds to support osteogenesis of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), demonstrate in vivo biocompatibility by subcutaneous implantation in Sprague‐Dawley rats, monitor degradation noninvasively, and finally assess the scaffold's ability in healing critical‐sized cranial bone defects. The collagen‐ELP‐Bioglass scaffold supports the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs over a 3 week culture period. The cellular (rMSC‐containing) or acellular scaffolds implanted in the subcutaneous pockets of rats do not cause any local or systemic toxic effects or tumors. The real‐time monitoring of the fluorescently labeled scaffolds by IVIS reveals that the scaffolds remain at the site of implantation for up to three weeks, during which they degrade gradually. Micro‐CT analysis shows that the bilateral cranial critical‐sized defects created in rats lead to greater bone regeneration when filled with cellular scaffolds. Bone mineral density and bone microarchitectural parameters are comparable among different scaffold groups, but the histological analysis reveals increased formation of high‐quality mature bone in the cellular group, while the acellular group has immature bone and organized connective tissue. These results suggest that the rMSC‐seeded collagen‐ELP‐Bioglass composite scaffolds can aid in better bone healing process.