Angioplasty with versus without routine stent placement for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a randomised controlled trial

Background Angioplasty recanalisation is recommended as the first-line interventional procedure for Budd-Chiari syndrome, but subsequent restenosis is common. We aimed to test whether use of routine, non-selective stenting in angioplasty could improve patency and treatment efficacy with adequate safety in Budd-Chiari syndrome. Methods We did a randomised controlled trial, for which patients aged 18–75 years with Budd-Chiari syndrome with membranous obstruction or short-length stenosis (≤4 cm), and a Child-Pugh score of less than 13 were considered eligible. Patients were excluded if they had obstruction not amenable to angioplasty, were recommended to be treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation, or had contraindications for angioplasty. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to an angioplasty-only group or an angioplasty plus routine stenting group, with use of a web-based allocation system (Pocock and Simon's minimisation method, stratified by obstruction features and Child-Pugh score). Recanalisation procedures were done within 24 h of randomisation. The statistician and investigators responsible for data collection data and endpoint assessment were masked to group allocation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients free of restenosis, analysed in the intention-to-treat population. The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02201485) and is completed. Findings Between July 28, 2014, and Sept 29, 2017, 88 (59%) of 150 screened patients were enrolled and assigned either the angioplasty-only group (n=45) or the angioplasty plus routine stenting group (n=43). During a median follow-up period of 27 months (IQR 19–41), the angioplasty plus routine stenting group had significantly higher proportion of patients free of restenosis (42 [98%] of 43 patients) than did the angioplasty-only group (27 [60%] of 45 patients; p<0·0001). In the survival analysis, 3-year restenosis-free survival was 96·0% (95% CI 88·6–100·0) in the routine stenting group versus 60·4% (46·4–78·7) in the angioplasty-only group (log-rank p<0·0001). The hazard ratio for restenosis was 0·04 (95% CI 0·01–0·31) in favour of routine stenting, with an absolute risk reduction of 35·6% (95% CI 24·2–55·0). Two (5%) patients in the angioplasty plus routine stenting group and one (2%) patient in the angioplasty-only group died during follow-up. One (2%) patient from the angioplasty plus routine stenting group had puncture site haematoma, which was not related to stenting. No stent fracture or migration occurred. Anticoagulation-related adverse events occurred in five (11%) patients from angioplasty alone group and five (12%) patients from angioplasty plus routine stenting group. Interpretation Routine stenting with angioplasty is superior to angioplasty alone for preventing restenosis in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome with short-length stenosis and is safe to use as part of first-line invasive treatment. Further validation is needed in similar settings and other regions in which different characteristics of Budd-Chiari syndrome are more prevalent. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Technology R&D Programme, Optimised Overall Project of Shaanxi Province, Boost Programme of Xijing Hospital.