Graphene oxides (GOs) are incorporated into the carbon fiber surface to enhance the interfacial bonding of carbon fiber reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) composite. GO nanoparticles distributed onto the fiber surface uniformly, which could increase surface polarity and roughness obviously. A large number of functional groups were introduced to the fiber surface, and the surface roughness was increased. Simultaneous increases of interlaminar shear strength and interfacial shear strength were achieved compared with those of untreated composites. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated the uniform distribution of GO-APS on the fiber surface and the effective improvement of surface roughness.