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Tuning element distribution, structure and properties by composition in high-entropy alloys

高熵合金 层错能 原子半径 打滑(空气动力学) 极限抗拉强度 原子单位 金属间化合物 位错 透射电子显微镜 结晶学 材料科学 复合材料 冶金 物理 热力学 合金 纳米技术 化学 有机化学 量子力学
作者
Qingqing Ding,Yin Zhang,Xiao Chen,Xiaoqian Fu,Dengke Chen,Sijing Chen,Lin Gu,Fei Wei,Hongbin Bei,Yanfei Gao,Minru Wen,Jixue Li,Ze Zhang,Ting Zhu,Robert O. Ritchie,Qian Yu
出处
期刊:Nature [Nature Portfolio]
卷期号:574 (7777): 223-227 被引量:1249
标识
DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1617-1
摘要

High-entropy alloys are a class of materials that contain five or more elements in near-equiatomic proportions1,2. Their unconventional compositions and chemical structures hold promise for achieving unprecedented combinations of mechanical properties3–8. Rational design of such alloys hinges on an understanding of the composition–structure–property relationships in a near-infinite compositional space9,10. Here we use atomic-resolution chemical mapping to reveal the element distribution of the widely studied face-centred cubic CrMnFeCoNi Cantor alloy2 and of a new face-centred cubic alloy, CrFeCoNiPd. In the Cantor alloy, the distribution of the five constituent elements is relatively random and uniform. By contrast, in the CrFeCoNiPd alloy, in which the palladium atoms have a markedly different atomic size and electronegativity from the other elements, the homogeneity decreases considerably; all five elements tend to show greater aggregation, with a wavelength of incipient concentration waves11,12 as small as 1 to 3 nanometres. The resulting nanoscale alternating tensile and compressive strain fields lead to considerable resistance to dislocation glide. In situ transmission electron microscopy during straining experiments reveals massive dislocation cross-slip from the early stage of plastic deformation, resulting in strong dislocation interactions between multiple slip systems. These deformation mechanisms in the CrFeCoNiPd alloy, which differ markedly from those in the Cantor alloy and other face-centred cubic high-entropy alloys, are promoted by pronounced fluctuations in composition and an increase in stacking-fault energy, leading to higher yield strength without compromising strain hardening and tensile ductility. Mapping atomic-scale element distributions opens opportunities for understanding chemical structures and thus providing a basis for tuning composition and atomic configurations to obtain outstanding mechanical properties. In high-entropy alloys, atomic-resolution chemical mapping shows that swapping some of the atoms for larger, more electronegative elements results in atomic-scale modulations that produce higher yield strength, excellent strain hardening and ductility.
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