Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube Time-To-Positivity Can Serve As an Early Biomarker of Treatment Response in Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease

The recommended treatment regimen for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) consists of three drugs: rifampicin, ethambutol, and azithromycin. IV amikacin can be added in the initial 2 to 3 months for patients with severe or recurrent disease.1Daley C.L. Iaccarino J.M. Lange C. et al.Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline.Eur Respir J. 2020; 56: 2000535Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar With the recommended treatment regimens, 65% of treated patients attain culture conversion2Diel R. Nienhaus A. Ringshausen F.C. et al.Microbiologic outcome of interventions against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: a systematic review.Chest. 2018; 153: 888-921Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar; the median time-to-culture-conversion amounted to 4 (range, 1 to 12) months in a previous study.3Griffith D.E. Adjemian J. Brown-Elliott B.A. et al.Semiquantitative culture analysis during therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192: 754-760Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar Because culture conversion requires multiple negative cultures that need to be incubated for 8 weeks, it takes up to 8 months to demonstrate culture conversion.4van Ingen J. Microbiological diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease.Clin Chest Med. 2015; 36: 43-54Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Hence, there is a clear need for a biomarker to predict earlier on whether conversion will be reached or whether a change in treatment regimen is necessary to achieve it. The use of (semi)quantitative culture analysis has been suggested as a relative rapid biomarker of treatment response.3Griffith D.E. Adjemian J. Brown-Elliott B.A. et al.Semiquantitative culture analysis during therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192: 754-760Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar,5Slaats M.H. Hoefsloot W. Magis-Escurra C. et al.Regimens for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease lack early bactericidal activity.Eur Respir J. 2016; 47: 1000-1002Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar Yet the methods applied in the two existing studies, colony-forming unit counts and a semiquantitative scale, are labor-intensive and not available in routine laboratories. Clinical trials of TB treatment have shown clear correlations between M TB colony-forming unit counts and the time-to-positivity (TTP) of the widely used Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) automated broth culture system6Bowness R. Boeree M.J. Aarnoutse R. et al.The relationship between Mycobacterium tuberculosis MGIT time to positivity and cfu in sputum samples demonstrates changing bacterial phenotypes potentially reflecting the impact of chemotherapy on critical sub-populations.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015; 70: 448-455Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar; this correlation was also observed in a smaller study in MAC-PD.7Pennings L.J. Zweijpfenning S. Ruth M.M. et al.Mycobacterium avium complex bacteria remain viable in sputum during storage and refrigeration.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 92: 309-310Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar Here, we study the use of TTP in the MGIT automated broth culture system as a biomarker for treatment response in MAC-PD. Using current criteria, we performed a retrospective chart and laboratory database review of adult patients who received a diagnosis of macrolide-susceptible MAC-PD1Daley C.L. Iaccarino J.M. Lange C. et al.Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline.Eur Respir J. 2020; 56: 2000535Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar who received treatment for at least 6 months at Radboud University Medical Center Dekkerswald reference clinic from 2013 to 2019. Patients were excluded if no sputum culture result was available at baseline (treatment start date ±1 week), after 6 months (± 3 weeks) of antibiotic treatment, if less than three sputum cultures were performed or if no TTP data were available during the first 6 months of treatment. When multiple cultures with TTP data were available from the same timepoint during treatment, the average was used. Demographic data, disease manifestation (fibrocavitary vs nodular-bronchiectatic), treatment regimen and culture status after 6 months of treatment and (if available) at the end of treatment were recorded from the electronic medical file and laboratory information system. We applied the NonTuberculous Mycobacteria - Network European Trials group (NTM-NET) outcome definitions for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)8van Ingen J. Aksamit T. Andrejak C. et al.Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement.Eur Respir J. 2018; 51: 1800170Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar; for culture conversion, a more lenient definition was used: two consecutive negative cultures, collected at least 4 weeks apart. Conversion date was defined as the date of the first negative culture.8van Ingen J. Aksamit T. Andrejak C. et al.Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement.Eur Respir J. 2018; 51: 1800170Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar Sputum samples were decontaminated with the N-acetyl-l-cysteine–sodium hydroxide method and concentrated by centrifugation before inoculation in MGIT automated liquid culture and on Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium. MGIT liquid cultures were incubated for 42 days.4van Ingen J. Microbiological diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease.Clin Chest Med. 2015; 36: 43-54Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Isolated mycobacteria were identified as MAC with the use of the InnoLiPA Mycobacteria v2 (Innogenetics) line probe assay, which includes species-specific probes for M avium, M intracellulare, and M chimaera.4van Ingen J. Microbiological diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease.Clin Chest Med. 2015; 36: 43-54Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Machine-generated TTP data of MGIT liquid culture were recovered from the laboratory information system and rounded to days to reflect differences in time between sputum expectoration and laboratory processing. For negative MGIT cultures, a TTP of 43 days was recorded. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using χ2 and t-tests, unless stated otherwise, with the use of SPSS software (version 25; IBM). We included 49 patients; their baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. After 6 months of therapy, 34 of 49 patients (69%) attained sputum culture conversion. Mean baseline TTP (with SD) was significantly different between converters and nonconverters (7.68 ± 4.64 vs 4.87 ± 2.20 days; P = .031) overall and in the 40 patients who were treated with three-drug regimens (ie, excluding those with most severe manifestations; 7.96 ± 5.07 vs 4.92 ± 2.36 days; P = .047). A baseline TTP of >7 days was associated with culture conversion (likelihood ratio, 6.947; P = .014) and a receiver operating characteristic curve identified a sensitivity of 41% and specificity of 93% to predict conversion with the use of the TTP >7 day cutoff.Table 1Characteristics and Results of the 49 Patients With Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease by Culture Conversion StatusCulture conversionYes (n = 34)No (n = 15)Total (N = 49)Female patients, No. (%)19 (56)8 (53)27 (55)Age, mean ± SD, y65.59 ± 9.3260.53 ± 10.4564.0 ± 9.9Fibrocavitary disease, No. (%)18 (53)10 (67)28Nodular-bronchiectatic disease, No. (%)16 (47)5 (33)21M avium, No.16622M intracellulare, No.8412M chimaera, No.10515Baseline time to positivity, mean ± SD, d7.68 ± 4.644.87 ± 2.206.82 ± 4.23Time to positivity after 3 mo, mean ± SD, d36.38 ± 12.309.75 ± 5.1932.57 ± 14.89Samples per patient, mean ± SD, No.5.32 ± 1.204.87 ± 1.465.18 ± 1.293-Drug regimen, No. (%)27 (79)13 (87)40aRifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 25), clofazimine-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 14), or rifampicin-ethambutol-clarithromycin (n = 1).4/5-Drug regimen, No. (%)7 (21)2 (13)9bAmikacin-clofazimine-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 8), clofazimine-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 1), or or amikacin-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 1).Cure at end of treatment, No. (%)22 (65)2 (13)24 (49)a Rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 25), clofazimine-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 14), or rifampicin-ethambutol-clarithromycin (n = 1).b Amikacin-clofazimine-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 8), clofazimine-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 1), or or amikacin-rifampicin-ethambutol-azithromycin (n = 1). Open table in a new tab Mean baseline TTP was significantly different between patients with nodular-bronchiectatic disease and those with fibrocavitary disease (8.86 ± 5.62 vs 5.29 ± 1.65 days; P = .010) but did not differ between causative MAC species. Disease manifestation, patient age, and number of samples available for analysis were not associated significantly with culture conversion (P = .371; P = .095, and P = .256, respectively) (Table 1). Within the patients with fibrocavitary disease and nodular-bronchiectatic disease, mean baseline TTP differed between converters and nonconverters, but this difference was not statistically significant (5.72 ± 1.67 vs 4.50 ± 1.35 days [P = .059] in patients with fibrocavitary disease and 9.88 ± 5.86 vs 5.60 ± 3.44 days [P = .142] in patients with nodular-bronchiectatic disease). Differences in TTP became larger after 3 months of treatment (36.38 ± 12.30 days in converters vs 9.75 ± 5.19 in nonconverters; P < .001) (Fig 1). A TTP >15 days after 3 months of treatment was associated with culture conversion (likelihood ratio, 5.365; P = .021) and the receiver operating characteristic curve identified a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 75% to predict conversion with the use of a TTP cutoff of >15 days. The mean absolute difference (TTP at 3 months – TTP baseline) was 28.50 ± 11.96 days in converters and 4.50 ± 6.56 days in nonconverters (P = .001). Baseline TTP was not significantly different among patients who experienced good outcome (cure; n = 24; 7.88 ± 5.29 days) vs those with bad outcome (failure, recurrence, halted, died; n = 25; 5.80 ± 2.61 days; P = .086) at the end of treatment; this correlation was also absent for TTP after 3 months of treatment (36.57 ± 12.85 days in those cured; 28.57 ± 16.16 days in those with bad outcomes; P = .160). In our cohort, a baseline TTP of >7 days and TTP of >15 days after 3 months of treatment predicted that culture conversion would occur within the first 6 months of treatment (Fig 1). Our cohort characteristics and outcomes are in line with recent case series and reviews.2Diel R. Nienhaus A. Ringshausen F.C. et al.Microbiologic outcome of interventions against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: a systematic review.Chest. 2018; 153: 888-921Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,3Griffith D.E. Adjemian J. Brown-Elliott B.A. et al.Semiquantitative culture analysis during therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192: 754-760Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar,9Zweijpfenning S. Kops S. Magis-Escurra C. Boeree M.J. van Ingen J. Hoefsloot W. Treatment and outcome of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in a predominantly fibro-cavitary disease cohort.Respir Med. 2017; 131: 220-224Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar Current guidelines recommend adding amikacin to treatment regimens in patients with severe disease or prior treatment1Daley C.L. Iaccarino J.M. Lange C. et al.Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline.Eur Respir J. 2020; 56: 2000535Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar; clinical trials should establish whether the addition of amikacin should be based on bacterial load (as measured by TTP) rather than clinical and radiologic features. If our findings can be confirmed in prospective studies, TTP data after 3 months and the TTP changes from baseline until 3 months might allow shortening of treatment trials of new antibiotics for treatment of naïve patients to 3 months. This would substantially speed up the development of new, more effective treatment regimens in MAC-PD. This study has important limitations, in line with the small-scale, retrospective, and uncontrolled nature; not all patients had cultures performed monthly, and those who did mostly submitted just one sputum sample. Patients also received different treatment regimens both in terms of choice and number of antibiotics. Furthermore, TTP data are censored if >42 days, which limits their analysis. Future studies ideally would derive their TTP data from controlled clinical trials. MGIT TTP at baseline and in the first 3 months of MAC-PD treatment can be used to predict sputum culture conversion at 6 months. This early and easily available biomarker can be a useful tool in clinical practice and in trials that are evaluating new therapies. Its predictive value must be confirmed in larger scale controlled studies.