MRI‐Based Multiple Instance Convolutional Neural Network for Increased Accuracy in the Differentiation of Borderline and Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors

Background Preoperative differentiation of borderline from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors (BEOT vs. MEOT) is challenging and can significantly impact surgical management. Purpose To develop a multiple instance convolutional neural network (MICNN) that can differentiate BEOT from MEOT, and to compare its diagnostic performance with that of radiologists. Study Type Retrospective study of eight clinical centers. Subjects Between January 2010 and June 2018, a total of 501 women (mean age, 48.93 ± 14.05 years) with histopathologically confirmed BEOT ( N = 165) or MEOT ( N = 336) were divided into the training ( N = 342) and validation cohorts ( N = 159). Field Strength/Sequence Three axial sequences from 1.5 or 3 T scanner were used: fast spin echo T2‐weighted imaging with fat saturation (T2WI FS), echo planar diffusion‐weighted imaging, and 2D volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination of contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted imaging (CE‐T1WI) with FS. Assessment Three monoparametric MICNN models were built based on T2WI FS, apparent diffusion coefficient map, and CE‐T1WI. Based on these monoparametric models, we constructed an early multiparametric (EMP) model and a late multiparametric (LMP) model using early and late information fusion methods, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the models was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and compared to the performance of six radiologists with varying levels of experience. Statistical Tests We used DeLong test, chi‐square test, Mann–Whitney U ‐test, and t ‐test, with significance level of 0.05. Results Both EMP and LMP models differentiated BEOT from MEOT, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.855 (95% CI, 0.795–0.915) and 0.884 (95% CI, 0.831–0.938), respectively. The AUC of the LMP model was significantly higher than the radiologists' pooled AUC (0.884 vs. 0.797). Data Conclusion The developed MICNN models can effectively differentiate BEOT from MEOT and the diagnostic performances (AUCs) were more superior than that of the radiologists' assessments. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2