Low muscle mass is associated with progression of chronic kidney disease and albuminuria – An 8-year longitudinal study in Asians with Type 2 Diabetes

Aims We examined the longitudinal relationship between baseline skeletal muscle mass and its change over time with eGFR decline and albuminuria progression among Asians with type 2 diabetes(T2D). Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 1272 T2D patients. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using tetra-polar multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis and Skeletal Muscle Mass Index(SMI) was defined as skeletal muscle mass/weight * 100. Results After up to 8 years of follow-up, 33.3% of participants had CKD progression and 28.3% albuminuria progression. Every 1-SD above baseline SMI was associated with 18% lower risk of CKD progression[Hazards Ratio(HR)0.82; 95%CI 0.70–0.97; p = 0.018] and 17% lower risk of albuminuria progression [HR 0.83 (95%CI 0.71–0.97; p = 0.017)]. The largest decrease in SMI over time was associated with 67% higher risk of CKD progression, compared to those with the smallest change from baseline SMI tertile 2[HR 1.67 (95%CI 1.10–2.55); p = 0.016]. Pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF) and plasma leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein (LRG1) accounted for 40.1% of the association between SMI and CKD progression. Conclusions Low baseline skeletal muscle mass and its reduction over time is associated with increased risk of progression of CKD among Asians with T2D. PEDF and LRG1 mediated the inverse relationship between SMI and CKD progression.