Update and latest advances in antiretroviral therapy

Since the first cases of AIDS appeared in 1981, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has reached pandemic proportions. Forty years later, research has led to the approval of more than 30 antiretroviral drugs, while combination therapies have turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic, but manageable disease. Still, drug toxicity and acquired and transmitted drug resistance remain as major threats to therapy success. In this review, we provide an overview on currently available anti-HIV drugs and the latest developments in antiretroviral therapy, focused on new antiretroviral agents acting on known and unexploited antiviral targets, prevention therapies aimed to improve available drug combinations, and research on new long-acting therapies, particularly those involving novel drug candidates such as lenacapavir or islatravir.