Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

代谢物 尿 有机磷 泌尿系统 化学 置信区间 磷酸三苯酯 磷酸盐 环境化学 动物科学 医学 内科学 杀虫剂 生物 生物化学 有机化学 阻燃剂 农学
作者
Meng Yu,Xiang Li,Bingqing Liu,Yaping Li,Ling Liu,Limei Wang,Lulu Song,Youjie Wang,Li‐Sheng Hu,Surong Mei
出处
期刊:Environmental Science and Pollution Research [Springer Science+Business Media]
卷期号:29 (26): 39310-39322 被引量:7
标识
DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-18334-0
摘要

Dermal contact with dust is commonly considered an important pathway of exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), but the importance of OPE uptake from diet is unclear. Herein, we used hand wipes to estimate OPE exposure from indoor dust and examined whether urinary OPE metabolite concentrations were influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, OPE amount in hand wipes, and dietary factors. OPEs were measured in urine and hand wipes from 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents (n=929) in Liuzhou, China. Sociodemographic and dietary factors were obtained from questionnaire. Six OPE metabolites were detected in >70% of the urine samples, and seven OPEs were detected in >50% of the hand wipes. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using urinary OPE metabolites to investigate the total daily intake of OPEs, in which 0.36-10.1% of the total intake was attributed to the exposure from dermal absorption. In multivariate linear regression models, sex, age, and maternal education were significant predictors of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is positively associated with its parent compounds 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in hand wipes. High versus low vegetable intake was associated with a 23.7% higher DPHP (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51%, 52.1%). Barreled water drinking was associated with a 30.4% (95% CI: 11.8%, 52.0%) increase in bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) compared to tap water drinking. Our results suggested the widespread exposure to OPEs in children and adolescents. In addition to dermal absorption, dietary intake may be an important exposure source of certain OPEs.
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