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DownShift: Tuning Shift Reduction With Reliability for Racetrack Memories

计算机科学 延迟(音频) 可靠性(半导体) 能源消耗 架空(工程) 并行计算 还原(数学) 容错 低延迟(资本市场) 嵌入式系统 分布式计算 操作系统 数学 计算机网络 工程类 电信 功率(物理) 物理 几何学 量子力学 电气工程
作者
Asif Ali Khan,Sébastien Ollivier,Fazal Hameed,Jerónimo Castrillón,Alex K. Jones
出处
期刊:IEEE Transactions on Computers [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]
卷期号:72 (9): 2585-2599 被引量:1
标识
DOI:10.1109/tc.2023.3257509
摘要

Ultra-dense non-volatile racetrack memories (RTMs) have been investigated at various levels in the memory hierarchy for improved performance and reduced energy consumption. However, the innate shift operations in RTMs, required for data access, incur performance penalties and can induce position errors. These factors can hinder their applicability in replacing low-latency, reliable on-chip memories. Intelligent placement of memory objects in RTMs can significantly reduce the number of shifts per memory access with little to no hardware overhead. However, existing placement strategies may lead to sub-optimal performance when applied to different architectures. Additionally, the impact of these shift optimization techniques on RTM reliability has been insufficiently investigated. We propose DownShift, a generalized data placement mechanism that improves upon prior approaches by taking into account (1) the timing and liveliness information of memory objects and (2) the underlying memory architecture, including required shifting fault tolerance. Thus, we also propose a collaboratively designed new shift alignment reliability technique called GROGU. GROGU leverages the reduced shift window made possible through DownShift allowing improved reliability, area, and energy compared to the state-of-the-art reliability approaches. DownShift reduces the number of shifts, runtime, and energy consumption by 3.24×, 47.6%, and 70.8% compared to the state-of-the-art. GROGU consumes 2.2× less area and 1.3× less energy while providing 16.8× improvement in shift fault tolerance compared to the leading reliability approach for a latency degradation of only 3.2%.
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