Enhancing Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy for Glioblastoma by Tumor Hypoxia Alleviation and Heat Shock Protein Inhibition Using IR820-Conjugated Reduced Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots

We use low-molecular-weight branched polyethylenimine (PEI) to produce cytocompatible reduced graphene oxide quantum dots (rGOQD) as a photothermal agent and covalently bind it with the photosensitizer IR-820. The rGOQD/IR820 shows high photothermal conversion efficiency and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) after irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light for photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT). To improve suspension stability, rGOQD/IR820 was PEGylated by anchoring with the DSPE hydrophobic tails in DSPE-PEG-Mal, leaving the maleimide (Mal) end group for covalent binding with manganese dioxide/bovine serum albumin (MnO2/BSA) and targeting ligand cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) to synthesize rGOQD/IR820/MnO2/CPP. As MnO2 can react with intracellular hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen for alleviating the hypoxia condition in the acidic tumor microenvironment, the efficacy of PDT could be enhanced by generating more cytotoxic ROS with NIR light. Furthermore, quercetin (Q) was loaded to rGOQD through π–π interaction, which can be released in the endosomes and act as an inhibitor of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). This sensitizes tumor cells to thermal stress and increases the efficacy of mild-temperature PTT with NIR irradiation. By simultaneously incorporating the HSP70 inhibitor (Q) and the in situ hypoxia alleviating agent (MnO2), the rGOQD/IR820/MnO2/Q/CPP can overcome the limitation of PTT/PDT and enhance the efficacy of targeted phototherapy in vitro. From in vivo study with an orthotopic brain tumor model, rGOQD/IR820/MnO2/Q/CPP administered through tail vein injection can cross the blood–brain barrier and accumulate in the intracranial tumor, after which NIR laser light irradiation can shrink the tumor and prolong the survival times of animals by simultaneously enhancing the efficacy of PTT/PDT to treat glioblastoma.