The Impact of Health Care Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities

医学 卫生公平 民族 医疗保健 心理干预 衡平法 数据提取 梅德林 公共卫生 精神科 护理部 社会学 经济 法学 经济增长 人类学 政治学
作者
Shazia M. Siddique,Kelley Tipton,Brian F Leas,Christopher Jepson,Jaya Aysola,Jordana B. Cohen,Emilia Flores,Michael O. Harhay,Harald Schmidt,Gary E. Weissman,Julie Fricke,Jonathan Treadwell,Nikhil K. Mull
出处
期刊:Annals of Internal Medicine [American College of Physicians]
卷期号:177 (4): 484-496 被引量:13
标识
DOI:10.7326/m23-2960
摘要

Background: There is increasing concern for the potential impact of health care algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities. Purpose: To examine the evidence on how health care algorithms and associated mitigation strategies affect racial and ethnic disparities. Data Sources: Several databases were searched for relevant studies published from 1 January 2011 to 30 September 2023. Study Selection: Using predefined criteria and dual review, studies were screened and selected to determine: 1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care outcomes and 2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Data Extraction: Outcomes of interest (that is, access to health care, quality of care, and health outcomes) were extracted with risk-of-bias assessment using the ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies – of Interventions) tool and adapted CARE-CPM (Critical Appraisal for Racial and Ethnic Equity in Clinical Prediction Models) equity extension. Data Synthesis: Sixty-three studies (51 modeling, 4 retrospective, 2 prospective, 5 prepost studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial) were included. Heterogenous evidence on algorithms was found to: a) reduce disparities (for example, the revised kidney allocation system), b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (for example, severity-of-illness scores applied to critical care resource allocation), and/or c) have no statistically significant effect on select outcomes (for example, the HEART Pathway [history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, and troponin]). To mitigate disparities, 7 strategies were identified: removing an input variable, replacing a variable, adding race, adding a non–race-based variable, changing the racial and ethnic composition of the population used in model development, creating separate thresholds for subpopulations, and modifying algorithmic analytic techniques. Limitation: Results are mostly based on modeling studies and may be highly context-specific. Conclusion: Algorithms can mitigate, perpetuate, and exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities, regardless of the explicit use of race and ethnicity, but evidence is heterogeneous. Intentionality and implementation of the algorithm can impact the effect on disparities, and there may be tradeoffs in outcomes. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research.
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