Sources, Environmental Fate, and Ecological Risks of Antibiotics in Sediments of Asia’s Longest River: A Whole-Basin Investigation

This study conducted the first extensive and comprehensive investigation of the whole-scale sedimentary antibiotic concentration, possible drivers, environmental fate, and potential ecological risks in the Yangtze River. Totally, 20 antibiotics were detected in the sediments. Results revealed that the order of antibiotic abundance in sediment was fluoroquinolones > tetracyclines > macrolides > sulfonamides > amphenicols. The total antibiotic concentrations were 0.10-134.4 ng/g (mean: 11.88 ng/g). Of these, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines were the two dominant antibiotic categories. The dominant occurrence of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in sediments suggested that the distribution coefficient (Kd) was one of the important factors to determine their fate. Correlation analysis demonstrated that antibiotic contamination was largely influenced by the local scale of animal husbandry, and the positive correlation between antibiotics and heavy metals was likely driven by their common source of contamination and the complexation. Environmental risk assessment showed that tetracycline and chlortetracycline exhibited potential risks from medium to high in the Yangtze River, although most of the compounds posed minimal and low risks. This work provided a valuable large-scale data set across the whole Yangtze River and revealed the contamination profile of antibiotics. Mitigation and management measures to reduce antibiotic inputs are needed for the Yangtze River basin.