Joint K‐space and Image‐space Parallel Imaging (KIPI) for accelerated chemical exchange saturation transfer acquisition

Purpose To develop an auto‐calibrated technique by joint K‐space and Image‐space Parallel Imaging (KIPI) for accelerated CEST acquisition. Theory and Methods The KIPI method selects a calibration frame with a low acceleration factor (AF) and auto‐calibration signals (ACS) acquired, from which the coil sensitivity profiles and artifact correction maps are calculated after restoring the k‐space by GRAPPA. Then the other frames with high AF and without ACS can be reconstructed by SENSE and artifact suppression. The signal leakage due to the T 2 ‐decay filtering in k‐space compromises the SENSE reconstruction, which can be corrected by the artifact suppression algorithm of KIPI. The 2D and 3D imaging experiments were done on the phantom, healthy volunteer, and brain tumor patient with a 3T scanner. Results The proposed KIPI method was evaluated by retrospectively undersampled data with variable AFs and compared against existing parallel imaging methods (SENSE/auto, GRAPPA, and ESPIRiT). KIPI enabled CEST frames with random AFs to achieve similar image quality, eliminated the strong aliasing artifacts, and generated significantly smaller errors than the other methods ( p < 0.01). The KIPI method permitted an AF up to 12‐fold in both phase‐encoding and slice‐encoding directions for 3D CEST source images, achieving an overall 8.2‐fold speedup in scan time. Conclusion KIPI is a novel auto‐calibrated parallel imaging method that enables variable AFs for different CEST frames, achieves a significant reduction in scan time, and does not compromise the accuracy of CEST maps.