Intelligent oral tumor vaccines for cancer therapy

Oral tumor nanovaccines are known for their low preparation cost, convenient inoculation, and better patient compliance. In a recent issue of Nature Biomedical Engineering, Nie and colleagues developed an arabinose-inducible oral genetically engineered E. coli to start in situ production of outer membrane vesicles loaded with tumor antigen (OMV-Ag-mFc), which effectively crossed the intestinal epithelium barrier, stimulated dendritic cell maturation, and further activated cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes, specifically killing cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth in mouse model.