Effect of vegetation restoration type and topography on soil water storage and infiltration capacity in the Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration effectively mitigates soil erosion and improves soil properties, but in drylands, it can lead to soil water scarcity and disrupt ecological balance. Until now, limited research has examined the combined effects of vegetation restoration type and topography on soil water and infiltration in the Loess Plateau of China. Here, we investigated soil water content (SWC), soil water storage (SWS), soil infiltration rates and related soil properties in typical forestland, shrubland, and grassland across five slope positions on steep slopes, and compared them with cropland. The results indicated that vegetation restoration significantly decreased SWS compared to cropland. Across the entire 0–500 cm depth, reductions were observed at 30.9 %, 33.2 %, and 20.8 % for forestland, shrubland, and grassland, respectively, with forestland and shrubland demonstrating a more pronounced decrease, particularly in deeper soil layers. Shrubland had the lowest SWS on the upper, middle, and top slopes, while forestland showed the lowest SWS on the lower and foot slopes. In terms of infiltration, vegetation restoration generally increased steady infiltration rate but resulted in reduced initial and mean infiltration rates (except for shrubland). Shrubland had the highest infiltration rates, followed by forestland, while grassland had the lowest rates. Soil infiltration rates decreased gradually along the slope, indicating that the impact of vegetation restoration on soil infiltration improvement weakened with lower slope positions. Vegetation restoration type had a stronger direct and total effects on infiltration than slope position. Yet, the indirect influence of slope position through clay content and SWC outweighed that of vegetation restoration type. Our findings highlight the comprehensive assessment of the eco-hydrological effects of vegetation restoration is essential for identifying suitable species and designing optimal spatial distribution, ultimately maximizing the ecological benefits of the restoration. These insights can offer valuable guidance for ecological restoration and land management in fragile dryland ecosystems.