Construction of intelligent moving micro/nanomotors and their applications in biosensing and disease treatment

Micro/nanomotors are containers that pass through liquid media and carry cargo.Because they are tiny, micro/nanomotors exhibit excellent potential for biosensing and disease treatment applications.However, their size also makes overcoming random Brownian forces very challenging for micro/nanomotors moving on targets.Additionally, to achieve desired practical applications, the expensive materials, short lifetimes, poor biocompatibility, complex preparation methods, and side effects of micro/nanomotors must be addressed, and potential adverse effects must be evaluated both in vivo and in practical applications.This has led to the continuous development of key materials for driving micro/nanomotors.In this work, we review the working principles of micro/nanomotors.Metallic and nonmetallic nanocomplexes, enzymes, and living cells are explored as key materials for driving micro/nanomotors.We also consider the effects of exogenous stimulations and endogenous substance conditions on micro/nanomotor motions.The discussion focuses on micro/nanomotor applications in biosensing, treating cancer and gynecological diseases, and assisted fertilization.By addressing micro/nanomotor shortcomings, we propose directions for further developing and applying micro/nanomotors.