娱乐
生态系统服务
环境经济学
供求关系
供应
需求管理
业务
消费(社会学)
服务(商务)
有效需求
消费者需求
自然资源经济学
环境资源管理
环境规划
生态系统
经济
环境科学
营销
生态学
微观经济学
计算机科学
生物
电信
社会科学
宏观经济学
社会学
作者
David Rodríguez‐Rodríguez,Jaan‐Henrik Kain,Dagmar Haase,Francesc Baró,Anna Kaczorowska
出处
期刊:Futures
[Elsevier]
日期:2015-06-01
卷期号:70: 13-23
被引量:26
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.futures.2015.03.007
摘要
Most cities are not self-sufficient in terms of supply and demand of urban ecosystem services (UES) which creates important social, economic and environmental problems at different scales. Cities have enormous potential to reduce pressures on the environment while enhancing wellbeing for their inhabitants by acting both on the UES supply and demand sides. In this study we focus on the demand side by exploring the feasibility of self-sufficient cities under an environmentally radical, utopian scenario that implies the optimisation of UES demand by individuals, i.e. the minimum possible consumption of provisioning UES, a reduced need for regulating UES and the adequate fulfilment of cultural UES demand for a reasonable human wellbeing. Definitions of optimal demand are provided for a set of essential UES by 2050: food supply, freshwater supply, urban cooling, air purification, carbon sequestration, flood prevention, physical recreation and mental recreation. Operational UES demand indicators are identified for these UES. Based on these, we show the current average ecosystem service demand values in European cities, the current most exigent demand values and propose optimised future demand values. These utopian values intend to serve as benchmarks towards optimised UES demand that will make cities more self-sufficient.
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