Sialic acid, the secret gift for the brain

The human brain grows rapidly in early life which requires adequate nutrition. Human milk provides optimal nutrition for the developing brain, and breastfeeding significantly improves the cognition development of infants. These benefits have been largely attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), associated with sialic acid (Sia). Subsequently, sialylated HMOS present a vital source of exogenous Sia to infants. Sialic acid is a key molecule essential for proper development of gangliosides, and therefore critical in brain development and function. Recent pre-clinical studies suggest dietary supplementation with Sia or sialylated oligosaccharides enhances intelligence and cognition performance in early and later life. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of Sia in brain homeostasis and disbalance correlates with common pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, this review will discuss early brain health and development and the role of Sia in this process. Additionally, studies associating breastfeeding and specific HMOS to benefits in cognitive development are critically assessed. Furthermore, the review will assess studies implying the potential role of HMOS and microbiota in brain development via the gut-brain axis. Finally, the review will summarize recent advances regarding the role of Sia in neurodegenerative disease in later life and potential roles of dietary Sia sources.