生命系统
适应(眼睛)
仿生学
软质材料
计算机科学
软机器人
机器人
纳米技术
人机交互
工程类
控制工程
机械工程
生化工程
人工智能
材料科学
生物
神经科学
作者
Xiao‐Qiao Wang,Ghim Wei Ho
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.mattod.2022.01.014
摘要
Living organisms composed of composite materials with complex structures support autonomous and intelligent behaviors, such as motility, perception and response to changes of the environment. By studying the biological structures and their environmental interactions, researchers are now using these natural systems as models for building soft material machines. In this review, we discuss materials and machine engineering principles to achieve life-like locomotion and functionalities in untethered soft micromachines. Through the various mechanochemical or physical mechanisms, we show how molecular motion can be collectively amplified into versatile macroscopic deformation by materials engineering across multiple length scales. In controlled ways, mobile micromachines are made to crawl, roll or jump and adaptive to various terrains, typically inspired by the terrestrial animals while propulsion of swimming micromachines are guided by aquatic organisms. Besides, out-of-equilibrium behaviors of living systems, such as cell cycling, have stimulated the design of autonomous movement. Furthermore, we review the recent efforts on robotic locomotion intelligence to achieve adaptive, functional locomotion and navigation in complex environment. We finally provide a critical perspective for the field of soft micromachines, and highlight the key challenges of different material systems that need to be overcome to realize practical use.
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