Alterations in the structure and function of the brain in adolescents with new daily persistent headache: A pilot MRI study

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to explore brain morphological and functional connectivity alterations in adolescents with new daily persistent headache (NDPH) compared to pain‐free, healthy controls. Background NDPH is one of the most disabling and least understood primary headache conditions. To date, no studies have considered the role of brain function and structure in pediatric patients with NDPH. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, resting‐state functional and structural images were acquired for 13 patients with NDPH ( M age = 15.9, standard deviation [SD] ± 1.4) and 13 age‐ and sex‐matched controls ( M age = 16.2, SD ± 1.8) using magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were recruited from the Pediatric Headache Program at Boston Children's Hospital and from the Greater Boston area. In patients, clinical features of NDPH, including disease duration, pain intensity ratings, pain sensitivity, and functional disability were also assessed, and their associations with functional and structural brain alterations were explored. Results Compared to controls, patients with NDPH demonstrated reduced cortical thickness in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, left superior, and middle frontal gyrus areas ( p < 0.05, Monte Carlo corrected for multiple comparisons). Furthermore, reduced cortical thickness of the left superior frontal gyrus was related to elevated pain sensitivity in NDPH ( r = −0.79, p = 0.006). Patients showed altered functional connectivity between regions involved in emotional and cognitive networks of pain, including the amygdala, insula, frontal regions, and cerebellar subregions. Conclusion The present study provides the first preliminary evidence of functional and structural brain differences in pediatric patients with NDPH compared to controls. Identifying alterations in cortical thickness and resting‐state connectivity between specific brain regions could provide characteristics of NDPH and probable mechanisms that may guide personalized therapeutic interventions.