易普利姆玛
黑色素瘤
免疫检查点
背景(考古学)
肿瘤微环境
医学
免疫系统
封锁
免疫疗法
癌症研究
不利影响
免疫学
药理学
内科学
生物
受体
古生物学
作者
Armita Mahdavi Gorabi,Mehrnaz Sadat Ravari,Mohammad‐Javad Sanaei,Soodabeh Davaran,Prashant Kesharwani,Amirhossein Sahebkar
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109300
摘要
The early stages of melanoma could be treated promisingly by surgical resection; however, the challenge is in advanced cases in which targeted therapy could be an option. The expression of immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and VISTA is at adequate levels in the melanoma tumor microenvironment (TME) implying the promising outcomes of applying immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Since the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ICB, ipilimumab, in melanoma patients, the treatment of melanoma patients with ICBs resulted in improved survival rate and anti-tumor responses, making ICB one of the promising therapeutic approaches. However, due to high biodistribution, these drugs could non-specifically target healthy cells and empower the immune reactions out of control, which results in the incidence of immune-related adverse events. Although there are development management approaches, a new emerging platform is recently available with aid of drug delivery strategies, particularly nanoparticles (NPs). Here, we investigated the recent trials of ICBs in the context of melanoma cases while showing the challenges of this approach. Also, the application of NPs in order to locally deliver ICBs in melanoma tumor models is discussed.
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