Enzymes-Encapsulated Defective Metal–Organic Framework Hydrogel Coupling with a Smartphone for a Portable Glucose Biosensor

Enzymes featuring high catalytic efficiency and selectivity have been widely used as the sensing element in analytical chemistry. However, the structural fragility and poor machinability of an enzyme significantly limit its practicability in biosensors. Herein, we develop a robust and sensitive hybrid biosensor by means of co-encapsulating enzymes into a defective metal–organic framework (MOF), followed by a double-crosslinked alginate gelatinization. The defective MOF encapsulation can enhance the stability of enzymes, yet well preserve their biocatalytic function, while the alginate gelatinization allows the MOF biohybrid high stretchability and mechanical strength, which facilitates the integration of a bead-, fiber-, and sheet-like portable biosensor. In this work, the enzymes consisting of glucose oxidase and peroxidase are co-encapsulated into this MOF hydrogel, and it can efficiently convert glucose into a blue-violet product through the biocatalytic cascade of encapsulated enzymes, enabling the colorimetric biosensing of glucose on a miniaturized MOF hydrogel when coupling with a smartphone. Interestingly, this MOF biohybrid hydrogel outputs a stronger sensing signal than the free biohybrid powders, attributed to the catalytic product-accumulated effect of the highly hydrophilic microenvironment of the hydrogel. As a result, this portable biosensor can sensitively and selectively sense glucose with a linear range from 0.05 to 4 mM. Importantly, both the hydrophilic hydrogel and MOF "armor" endow enzymes with high durability, and its sensing activity was well-maintained even after placing the biosensor at room temperature for 30 d. We believe that this MOF biohybrid hydrogel has huge potential for the engineering of next-generation portable biosensors.