Causal associations of Helicobacter pylori infection and metabolic syndrome: insights from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a high prevalence of co-morbidities and both pose a significant threat to human health and survival. It has been suggested that Hp infection affects the development of MetS in the host, but the causal relationship between the two has not been confirmed.