Multicompartment Depletion Factors for Water Consumption on a Global Scale

环境科学 地下水 蒸散量 地表水 水资源 水文学(农业) 含水层 持续性 消费(社会学) 人口 水资源管理 用水 地下水补给 水流 生态系统 干旱 流域 生态学 地理 环境工程 地质学 社会学 人口学 生物 地图学 岩土工程 社会科学
作者
Eleonore Pierrat,Martin Dorber,Inge de Graaf,Alexis Laurent,Michael Z. Hauschild,Martin Rygaard,Valerio Barbarossa
出处
期刊:Environmental Science & Technology [American Chemical Society]
标识
DOI:10.1021/acs.est.2c04803
摘要

Balancing human communities’ and ecosystems’ need for freshwater is one of the major challenges of the 21st century as population growth and improved living conditions put increasing pressure on freshwater resources. While frameworks to assess the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption have been proposed at the regional scale, an operational method to evaluate the consequences of consumption on different compartments of the water system and account for their interdependence is missing at the global scale. Here, we develop depletion factors that simultaneously quantify the effects of water consumption on streamflow, groundwater storage, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration globally. We estimate freshwater availability and water consumption using the output of a global-scale surface water–groundwater model for the period 1960–2000. The resulting depletion factors are provided for 8,664 river basins, representing 93% of the landmass with significant water consumption, i.e., excluding Greenland, Antarctica, deserts, and permanently frozen areas. Our findings show that water consumption leads to the largest water loss in rivers, followed by aquifers and soil, while simultaneously increasing evapotranspiration. Depletion factors vary regionally with ranges of up to four orders of magnitude depending on the annual consumption level, the type of water used, aridity, and water transfers between compartments. Our depletion factors provide valuable insights into the intertwined effects of surface and groundwater consumption on several hydrological variables over a specified period. The developed depletion factors can be integrated into sustainability assessment tools to quantify the ecological impacts of water consumption and help guide sustainable water management strategies, while accounting for the performance limitations of the underlying model.
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