Elasmoid fish scales as a natural fibre composite: microscopic heterogeneities in structure, mineral distribution, and mechanical properties

The elasmoid scales in teleost fish serve as exemplary models for natural fibre composites with integrated flexibility and protection. Yet, limited research has been focused on the potential structural, chemical, and mechanical heterogeneity within individual scales. This study presents systematic characterizations of the elasmoid scales from black drum fish (