A numerical study on the effects of fabric structure on the impact resistance of 3D interlock woven fabrics

Three-dimensional (3D) woven fabrics have emerged as an effective structure for ballistic protection due to their flexibility, multi-impact resistance, and ability to form complex shapes. However, the influence of different 3D fabric architectures on ballistic performance is not fully understood. This study investigates the ballistic response of three types of 3D angle-interlock woven fabrics (3DTAWF, 3DSSWF, 3DSBWF) using numerical simulations with experimentally validated material models. Full-scale fabric models enable examining the dynamic behavior at the yarn level. Results show 3DSBWF exhibits the best ballistic performance with higher ballistic limit and energy absorption compared to 3DTAWF and 3DSSWF. Damage evolution indicates 3DSBWF and 3DSSWF have better structural integrity during penetration. The higher warp density and straighter warp path contribute to balanced warp-weft energy absorption and improved impact resistance in 3DSBWF. This study elucidates the role of 3D fabric structure on energy absorption patterns and failure morphology. The findings provide valuable insights into 3D woven fabric designs for optimizing ballistic protection performance.