[Status of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in 25 neonatal intensive care units of tertiary hospitals in China].

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the risk factors of fungal sepsis in 25 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) among preterm infants in China, and to provide a basis for preventive strategies of fungal sepsis. Methods: This was a second-analysis of the data from the "reduction of infection in neonatal intensive care units using the evidence-based practice for improving quality" study. The current status of fungal sepsis of the 24 731 preterm infants with the gestational age of <34+0 weeks, who were admitted to 25 participating NICU within 7 days of birth between May 2015 and April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. These preterm infants were divided into the fungal sepsis group and the without fungal sepsis group according to whether they developed fungal sepsis to analyze the incidences and the microbiology of fungal sepsis. Chi-square test was used to compare the incidences of fungal sepsis in preterm infants with different gestational ages and birth weights and in different NICU. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to study the outcomes of preterm infants with fungal sepsis, which were further compared with those of preterm infants without fungal sepsis. The 144 preterm infants in the fungal sepsis group were matched with 288 preterm infants in the non-fungal sepsis group by propensity score-matched method. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of fungal sepsis. Results: In all, 166 (0.7%) of the 24 731 preterm infants developed fungal sepsis, with the gestational age of (29.7±2.0) weeks and the birth weight of (1 300±293) g. The incidence of fungal sepsis increased with decreasing gestational age and birth weight (both P<0.001). The preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks accounted for 87.3% (145/166). The incidence of fungal sepsis was 1.0% (117/11 438) in very preterm infants and 2.0% (28/1 401) in extremely preterm infants, and was 1.3% (103/8 060) in very low birth weight infants and 1.7% (21/1 211) in extremely low birth weight infants, respectively. There was no fungal sepsis in 3 NICU, and the incidences in the other 22 NICU ranged from 0.7% (10/1 397) to 2.9% (21/724), with significant statistical difference (P<0.001). The pathogens were mainly Candida (150/166, 90.4%), including 59 cases of Candida albicans and 91 cases of non-Candida albicans, of which Candida parapsilosis was the most common (41 cases). Fungal sepsis was independently associated with increased risk of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.04-2.22, P=0.030) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (adjusted OR 2.55, 95%CI 1.12-5.80, P=0.025). Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure (adjusted OR=2.50, 95%CI 1.50-4.17, P<0.001), prolonged use of central line (adjusted OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.08, P<0.001) and previous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) duration (adjusted OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06, P<0.001) were all independently associated with increasing risk of fungal sepsis. Conclusions:Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis are the main pathogens of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in Chinese NICU. Preterm infants with fungal sepsis are at increased risk of moderate to severe BPD and severe ROP. Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure, prolonged use of central line and prolonged duration of TPN will increase the risk of fungal sepsis. Ongoing initiatives are needed to reduce fungal sepsis based on these risk factors.目的： 分析中国25家新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）中早产儿真菌败血症的发生现状和危险因素，为探讨真菌败血症预防策略提供依据。 方法： 对“基于证据的质量改进方法降低中国新生儿重症监护病房院内感染发生率的整群随机对照试验”建立的早产儿临床数据库资料进行二次分析，回顾性分析2015年5月至2018年4月生后7 d内收入中国25家三级医院NICU的24 731例早产儿的真菌败血症发生现况。根据早产儿是否发生真菌败血症分为真菌败血症组和未发生真菌败血症组，分析真菌败血症的发生率和病原。使用χ2检验比较不同出生胎龄、不同出生体重和不同NICU早产儿真菌败血症发生率。使用多因素Logistic回归分析方法比较真菌败血症组和未发生真菌败血症组早产儿预后。通过倾向性评分匹配144例真菌败血症组早产儿和288例无真菌败血症组早产儿，使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法分析发生真菌败血症的危险因素。 结果： 24 731例早产儿中166例（0.7%）发生真菌败血症，真菌败血症早产儿出生胎龄为（29.7±2.0）周，出生体重为（1 300±293）g，其中87.3%（145/166）为出生胎龄<32周的早产儿。出生胎龄和出生体重越低，真菌败血症的发生率越高（均P<0.001）。极早产儿和超早产儿真菌败血症发生率分别为1.0%（117/11 438）和2.0%（28/1 401），极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿中分别为1.3%（103/8 060）和1.7%（21/1 211）。3家NICU无真菌败血症发生，其余22家NICU真菌败血症的发生率范围为0.7%（10/1 397）~2.9%（21/724），差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。166例早产儿真菌败血症病原菌主要为念珠菌150例（90.4%），其中白色念珠菌有59例、非白念珠菌有91例，非白念珠菌以近平滑假丝酵母菌（41例）为主。真菌败血症早产儿发生中重度支气管肺发育不良（调整OR=1.52，95%CI 1.04~2.22，P=0.030）和严重早产儿视网膜病（调整OR=2.55，95%CI 1.12~5.80，P=0.025）风险增加。使用广谱抗菌药物（调整OR=2.50，95%CI 1.50~4.17，P<0.001）、长时间中心静脉置管（调整OR=1.05，95%CI 1.03~1.08，P<0.001）和长时间使用全肠外营养（TPN）（调整OR=1.04，95%CI 1.02~1.06，P<0.001）均是发生真菌败血症的独立危险因素。 结论： 中国NICU早产儿真菌败血症主要病原为白色念珠菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌。真菌败血症早产儿发生中重度支气管肺发育不良和严重早产儿视网膜病风险增加。使用广谱抗菌药物、长时间中心静脉置管和长时间使用TPN可增加早产儿发生真菌败血症的风险。后续需针对这些危险因素采取措施以降低NICU真菌败血症发生率。.