Integrating ecosystem services modeling into effectiveness assessment of national protected areas in a typical arid region in China

Protected areas (PAs) are essential for biodiversity conservation and for the delivery of ecosystem services (ESs). However, little is known about their effectiveness in providing ESs and contribution to species richness, especially in arid regions. Effectiveness evaluation is fundamental to understanding the extent of management enhancement required to fulfill conservation targets. In this study, we analyzed the supply of six ESs (water yield, nutrient retention, soil retention, sand fixation, carbon storage, and biodiversity richness) by landscapes in China's arid region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (hereafter Xinjiang). The aim was to identify distribution of ESs hotspots and the extent of hotspots located within or outside national PAs. The results showed significant spatial heterogeneity and coverage differences in six types of ESs hotspots. Hotspots coverage of six ESs on average accounted for 10.45 % of the total area, distributed mainly in mountains and oases covered by vegetation and wetlands. Among these ESs hotspots, over 50 % fell within PAs. This suggested that although PAs delivered moderately well outcomes in preserving ESs and biodiversity in Xinjiang, conservation gaps needed to be addressed. Our study also revealed substantial differences in ESs supplied by different PAs, and serious deficiency existed in some PAs in protecting either biodiversity or key ESs outlined in their conservation objectives. Our study illustrated the priority areas for future conservation expansion and stressed the urgent shift toward broadening the goals of PAs from a dominant focus to ones that encompass multiple ESs for human well-being.