Late pulmonary vein reconnection: insights into mechanisms of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation

A 51-year-old with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) (P1). Pre-ablation pulmonary vein (PV) potentials (*) were noted in all PVs [Panel A ; left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) shown]. Post-ablation entrance and exit block (†) was documented in all PVs. (Panel 1 B and C ) Repeat procedure (P2) was …