Phylogeny of Chrysotoxum species (Diptera: Syrphidae) inferred from morphological and molecular characters

Relationships of nine Italian Chrysotoxum species were analysed using morphological and molecular data.The morphology-derived cladogram revealed three well-defined groups: (i) C. cautum, (ii) the arcuatum group (C.arcuatum, C. fasciolatum) and (iii) the festivum group (C.festivum -C.vernale, C. bicinctum, C. elegans, C. octomaculatum and C. parmense).Trees inferred from COI-tRNALeu-COII sequences were largely in agreement, but they identified (i) C. parmense as an isolated branch, (ii) C. festivum and C. vernale as separate entities, (iii) C. elegans within a paraphyletic C. festivum clade.ITS2 trees were partially unresolved but C. parmense sequence emerged as a sister to the festivum group.The monophyly of the festivum group derived from morphological data was rejected by a phylogenetic test performed on combined molecular data set.The diagnostic value of some morphological characters commonly used to identify Chrysotoxum species is therefore questioned.