The Impact of Heat Waves on Mortality

百分位 热浪 表观温度 热力学 数学 统计 物理 地质学 气候变化 海洋学 相对湿度
作者
Antonio Gasparrini,Ben Armstrong
出处
期刊:Epidemiology [Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]
卷期号:22 (1): 68-73 被引量:404
标识
DOI:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181fdcd99
摘要

Background: Heat waves have been linked with an increase in mortality, but the associated risk has been only partly characterized. Methods: We examined this association by decomposing the risk for temperature into a “main effect” due to independent effects of daily high temperatures, and an “added” effect due to sustained duration of heat during waves, using data from 108 communities in the United States during 1987–2000. We adopted different definitions of heat-wave days on the basis of combinations of temperature thresholds and days of duration. The main effect was estimated through distributed lag nonlinear functions of temperature, which account for nonlinear delayed effects and short-time harvesting. We defined the main effect as the relative risk between the median city-specific temperature during heat-wave days and the 75th percentile of the year-round distribution. The added effect was defined first using a simple indicator, and then a function of consecutive heat-wave days. City-specific main and added effects were pooled through univariate and multivariate meta-analytic techniques. Results: The added wave effect was small (0.2%–2.8% excess relative risk, depending on wave definition) compared with the main effect (4.9%–8.0%), and was apparent only after 4 consecutive heat-wave days. Conclusions: Most of the excess risk with heat waves in the United States can be simply summarized as the independent effects of individual days' temperatures. A smaller added effect arises in heat waves lasting more than 4 days.
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